{"id":1270,"date":"2018-08-03T10:28:52","date_gmt":"2018-08-03T09:28:52","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.prokletamista.cz\/?p=1270"},"modified":"2018-08-08T12:00:07","modified_gmt":"2018-08-08T11:00:07","slug":"za-tajemnymi-etrusky","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.prokletamista.cz\/de\/2018\/08\/03\/za-tajemnymi-etrusky\/","title":{"rendered":"Za tajemn\u00fdmi Etrusky"},"content":{"rendered":"

ETRU<\/span><\/span>S<\/span><\/span>KOV\u00c9 – N\u00c1ROD \u010cAROD\u011aJ\u016e<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Etruskov\u00e9 <\/span><\/span>jsou n\u00e1rod tajemn\u00fd, z\u00e1hadn\u00fd a neprob\u00e1dan\u00fd. Existovali n\u011bkd<\/span><\/span>y<\/span><\/span> v 8. st. <\/span><\/span>p<\/span><\/span>\u0159. n.l. a to <\/span><\/span>nen\u00ed n\u011bjak\u00fd jist\u00fd fakt, proto\u017ee se to samoz\u0159ejm\u011b nev\u00ed. Pob\u00fdvali <\/span><\/span>zejm\u00e9na <\/span><\/span>na \u00fazem\u00ed dne\u0161n\u00edho Tosk\u00e1nska, tehdej\u0161\u00ed Etrurie. Sv\u00e9ho vrcho<\/span><\/span>l<\/span><\/span>u jejich kultura dos\u00e1hla ve 4. st. p\u0159.n.l. Pozd\u011bji jejich sl\u00e1va upad\u00e1 a postupn\u011b spl\u00fdvaj\u00ed s \u0158\u00edmany. <\/span><\/span>J<\/span><\/span>ejich p\u016fvod je zahalen\u00fd tajemstv\u00edm. Podle jedn\u00e9 z teori\u00ed poch\u00e1zeli z mal\u00e9 Asie, podle druh\u00e9 zase z Alp. <\/span><\/span>P\u016fvodn\u011b sami sebe ozna\u010dovali jako Rasenna <\/span><\/span>(Dion\u00fdsios z Halikarnassu o tom p\u00ed\u0161e ve sv\u00fdch \u201eNejstar\u0161\u00edch d\u011bjin\u00e1ch \u0158\u00edma\u201d) <\/span><\/span>. <\/span><\/span>\u0158\u00edman\u00e9 jim \u0159\u00edkali Tusci, \u0158ekov\u00e9 zase Tyrrhena (Prozm\u011bnu podle l\u00fddsk\u00e9ho kr\u00e1lovsk\u00e9ho syna Tyrrhena. V dob\u00e1ch hladomoru byl l\u00fddsk\u00fd n\u00e1rod rozd\u011blen, a aby alespo\u0148 polovina p\u0159e\u017eila, vedl Tyrrhenus polovinu obyvatel L\u00fddie do It\u00e1lie). Odsud tedy zn\u00e1m\u00e9 n\u00e1zvy Tosk\u00e1nsko, a Tyrh\u00e9nsk\u00e9 mo\u0159e. <\/span><\/span>Dal\u0161\u00ed z teori\u00ed tvrd\u00ed, \u017ee se vyvinuli z mnohem star\u0161\u00ed kultury tzv. Villanovsk\u00e9 (podle vesnice Villa <\/span><\/span>N<\/span><\/span>ova u Bologny, kde bylo objeveno star\u00e9 poh\u0159ebi\u0161t\u011b).<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Sv\u00e9 nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed sl\u00e1vy dos\u00e1hli v dob\u00e1ch \u0159\u00edmsk\u00fdch kr\u00e1l\u016f, kdy se jejich civilizace rozv\u00edjela ve t\u0159ech konfederac\u00edch. Na severu It\u00e1lie v oblasti okolo \u0159eky P\u00e1d, ve st\u0159edn\u00ed It\u00e1lii v oblasti Latia a na jihu v oblasti Kamp\u00e1nie. Pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b ovl\u00e1dali i cel\u00fd \u0158\u00edm, proto\u017ee prvn\u00ed \u0159\u00edm\u0161t\u00ed kr\u00e1lov\u00e9 pr\u00fd byli etrussk\u00e9ho p\u016fvodu. Byli to oni, kdo v \u0158\u00edm\u011b vystav\u011bl prvn\u00ed kanalizaci, co\u017e sv\u011bd\u010d\u00ed o jejich stavitelsk\u00fdch schopnostech. <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Nikdy nevytvo\u0159ili jednotn\u00fd st\u00e1t. Jejich \u00fazem\u00ed bylo rozd\u011bleno do konfederac<\/span><\/span>e dvan\u00e1cti m\u011bst<\/span><\/span>, jejich\u017e centrem bylo m\u011bsto Volsinie. <\/span><\/span>Pat\u0159ila sem nap\u0159. m\u011bsta Populonia, Roselle, Vetulonia, Arezzo, Chiusi, Cortona, Voltera. Hlavn\u00ed st\u0159edisko bylo ve Volsini<\/span><\/span>i<\/span><\/span>.<\/span><\/span> Ka\u017ed\u00e9mu \u00fazem\u00ed (m\u011bstsk\u00e9mu st\u00e1tu) vl\u00e1dl kr\u00e1l a <\/span><\/span>z\u00e1rove\u0148 velekn\u011bz. S<\/span><\/span>ymbolem jeho moci <\/span><\/span>byly svazky <\/span><\/span>dvan\u00e1cti <\/span><\/span>prut\u016f se sekerkami – fasces (Liktorsk\u00e9 pr\u00e1vo \u0158\u00edman\u016f <\/span><\/span>a symbol \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9 moci<\/span><\/span>), <\/span><\/span>t\u00f3ga<\/span><\/span> s purpurov\u00fdm lemov\u00e1n\u00edm <\/span><\/span>(druh od\u011bvu, kter\u00fd nosili \u0158\u00edman\u00e9)<\/span><\/span>, \u017eezlo a slavnostn\u00ed k\u0159eslo. <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Sympatick\u00e9 je, \u017ee v etrusk\u00e9m sv\u011bt\u011b existovala rovnopr\u00e1vnost \u017een. Jejich d\u011bti tedy nosily jm\u00e9no jak po otci, tak po matce. \u017dena zde m\u011bla stejn\u00e9 postaven\u00ed jako mu\u017e. <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

P\u016fvod etrusk\u00e9ho jazyka a p\u00edsma byl p\u0159edm\u011btem dlouhodob\u00fdch spekulac\u00ed, p\u00edsmo vych\u00e1zelo z \u0159eck\u00e9 abecedy, tak\u017ee p\u0159e\u010d\u00edst by se dalo. S rozlu\u0161t\u011bn\u00edm je to hor\u0161\u00ed. \u0158\u00edman\u00e9 jim tehdy nerozum\u011bli a dnes v dob\u011b, kdy se lid\u00e9 nedomluv\u00ed ani mezi sebou, to bude je\u0161t\u011b v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed probl\u00e9m.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Byli nejen zdatn\u00ed obchodn\u00edci, ale i <\/span><\/span>l\u00e9ka\u0159i (um\u011bli nap\u0159. zubn\u00ed prot\u00e9zu) a <\/span><\/span>n\u00e1mo\u0159n\u00edci. Obchodovali se Sic\u00edli\u00ed, Hisp\u00e1ni\u00ed, Kart\u00e1gem a \u0158eky, se kter\u00fdmi z\u00e1rove\u0148 bojovali<\/span><\/span>. Spolu s Kart\u00e1gem zv\u00edt\u011bzili roku 540 p\u0159.n.l. nad \u0158eky p\u0159ed Korsikou. <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Etrusk\u00e9 n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed je trochu depresivn\u00ed. Uct\u00edvali mnoho boh\u016f, ale tak\u00e9 d\u00e9mon\u016f a duch\u016f. Tak, jako u jin\u00fdch n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed starov\u011bk\u00e9ho sv\u011bta, byl kladen d\u016fraz na posmrtn\u00fd \u017eivot. S t\u00edm rozd\u00edlem, \u017ee nem\u011bl n\u00e1vaznost na chov\u00e1n\u00ed se na tomto sv\u011bt\u011b. Stav\u011bli monument\u00e1ln\u00ed sklan\u00ed hrobky \u2013 nekropole – p\u0159ipom\u00ednaj\u00edc\u00ed obydl\u00ed, mnohdy propojen\u00e9 s\u00edt\u00ed ulic pro poh\u0159ebn\u00ed vozy, kter\u00e9 je spojovaly. Tyto hrobky nebyly ur\u010deny jen pro jednotlivce, ale i pro cel\u00e9 generace. N\u011bkter\u00e9 byly vyzdobeny malbami duch\u016f a boh\u016f vztahuj\u00edc\u00edch se k posmrtn\u00e9mu \u017eivotu. V\u011b\u0159ili, \u017ee osud \u010dlov\u011bka utv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed nejen bo\u017esk\u00e1 v\u016fle, ale ovliv\u0148uj\u00ed ho i duchov\u00e9 (p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00ed s\u00edly). Proto uct\u00edvali i mnoho duch\u016f, b\u016f\u017ek\u016f a poloboh\u016f, z nich\u017e n\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed byli \u017eensk\u00e9ho pohlav\u00ed.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Jejich pojet\u00ed boh\u016f b\u00fdvalo seskupov\u00e1no do trojic. Nebeskou trojici tvo\u0159il b\u016fh Tinius, bohyn\u011b Uni a Menrva. Podobn\u00e9 to bylo u \u0158\u00edman\u016f, kte\u0159\u00ed tyto bohy naz\u00fdvali Jupiter, Juno a Minerva. V \u0159\u00ed\u0161i mrtv\u00fdch panoval Aita a Phersipnai (\u0159eck\u00e1 Persefon\u00e9). Je tedy patrn\u00e9, \u017ee etrusk\u00e1 v\u00edra byla ovlivn\u011bna \u0158eky i \u0158\u00edmany. A mo\u017en\u00e1 to platilo i obr\u00e1cen\u011b, proto\u017ee jedn\u00edm z prost\u0159edk\u016f, jak uct\u00edt bohy, byly krom\u011b ob\u011bt\u00ed i hry, kdy z\u00e1pasn\u00edci kon\u010dili v krvi. Mo\u017en\u00e1 prap\u016fvod gladi\u00e1torsk\u00fdch z\u00e1pas\u016f?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Co n\u00e1s ale zaujalo byl bylo pojet\u00ed posmrtn\u00e9ho \u017eivota. U Etrusk\u016f bylo toti\u017e \u00fapln\u011b jedno, zda byl \u010dlov\u011bk hrdina nebo sy\u010d\u00e1k, bohat\u00fd nebo chud\u00fd, dobr\u00fd nebo zl\u00fd. Posmrtn\u00fd sv\u011bt \u010dekal na v\u0161echny stejn\u00fd bez ohledu na to, jak \u010dinili za \u017eivota. A vstup do n\u011bj byl p\u011bkn\u011b temn\u00fd, pln\u00fd had\u016f a \u0161t\u00edr\u016f, drak\u016f a v\u0161emo\u017en\u00fdch potvor \u2013 tedy \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd \u0161l\u00e1gr. Z toho vypl\u00fdv\u00e1, \u017ee mezi tehdej\u0161\u00edmi lidmi nepanovaly zas takov\u00e9 mor\u00e1ln\u00ed z\u00e1brany jako dnes, a p\u0159esto se dok\u00e1zali nepovra\u017edit. To stoj\u00ed za zamy\u0161len\u00ed. <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Etruskov\u00e9 znali poh\u0159eb \u017eehem i do hrobu. Nejprve byla t\u011bla pochov\u00e1v\u00e1na do podlouhl\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edkop\u016f, v 7. st. p\u0159. n.l. se rozvinul nov\u00fd poh\u0159ebn\u00ed ritus:<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Typick\u00fdm znakem etrusk\u00e9ho poh\u0159ebi\u0161t\u011b jsou tumuli \u2013 kruhovit\u00e9 hrobky. Tumulus vznikal tak, \u017ee kolem men\u0161\u00edch hrob\u016f byla vystav\u011bna kruhovit\u00e1 ze\u010f a navrch navr\u0161ena kopulovit\u011b hl\u00edna. <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Dal\u0161\u00edm typem hrobek byly poh\u0159ebn\u00ed komory s pil\u00ed\u0159i, pozd\u011bji nahrazen\u00e9 s\u00e1lem, kter\u00fd se otev\u00edral do t\u0159\u00ed prostor. P\u0159ed s\u00e1lem vedla chodba spojuj\u00edc\u00ed tyto prostory. Tento typ hrobky p\u0159ipom\u00ednal etrusk\u00e9 chr\u00e1my. V takov\u00fdch hrobk\u00e1ch je typick\u00e9 napodoben\u00ed interi\u00e9ru dom\u016f a jejich za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed do nejmen\u0161\u00edch podrobnost\u00ed v\u010detn\u011b dve\u0159\u00ed a oken. <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

D\u00e1le to byly men\u0161\u00ed krychlov\u00e9 hrobky pro zm\u011bnu napodobuj\u00edc\u00ed exteri\u00e9r dom\u016f.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Pobl\u00ed\u017e vchod\u016f do hrobek st\u00e1ly opracovan\u00e9 kameny \u2013 cippy. Mal\u00e9 cippy se st\u0159\u00ed\u0161kou zna\u010dily obydl\u00ed \u017eeny, falick\u00e9 mu\u017ee.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Poh\u0159ebn\u00ed ritu\u00e1l spo\u010d\u00edval ve vystaven\u00ed mrtv\u00e9ho doma, kde byl oplak\u00e1v\u00e1n. Pak byl poh\u0159ebn\u00edm ko\u010d\u00e1rem p\u0159evezen na m\u00edsto posledn\u00edho odpo\u010dinku. Lidsk\u00e1 t\u011bla se ukl\u00e1dala na kamenn\u00e1 l\u016f\u017eka, nebo do sarkof\u00e1g\u016f, v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b zpopeln\u011bn\u00ed do n\u00e1dob. P\u0159ed hrobkami pak prob\u00edhaly ritu\u00e1ly, jejich\u017e sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed byla hostina, tance, nebo hry. <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Pobl\u00ed\u017e hrob\u016f se pohybovaly du\u0161e p\u0159edk\u016f. To zn\u00e1me u\u017e ze Sardinie. S t\u011bmi pak bylo mo\u017en\u00e9 komunikovat. \u0158\u00edman\u00e9 pokl\u00e1dali Etrusky za n\u00e1rod \u010darod\u011bj\u016f. Bylo to zp\u016fsobeno jejich v\u00e1\u0161n\u00ed pro v\u011b\u0161tbu z vnit\u0159nost\u00ed (douf\u00e1me \u017ee jen) zv\u00ed\u0159at. P\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm \u0161lo o j\u00e1tra, proto\u017ee ta byla pln\u00e1 krve a podle Etrusk\u016f v nich s\u00eddlil \u017eivot. V\u011b\u0161tilo se ale i z nebe podle letu pt\u00e1k\u016f, nebo po\u010das\u00ed. V\u011b\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed prostupovalo cel\u00fd \u017eivot Etrusk\u016f, v\u010detn\u011b toho soukrom\u00e9ho.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Toliko velmi okrajov\u00e9 shrnut\u00ed o tajemn\u00e9m n\u00e1rodu, po jeho\u017e stop\u00e1ch jsme se vypravili. V\u00edtejte tedy v Tosk\u00e1nsku, tajemn\u00e9m sv\u011bt\u011b n\u00e1roda \u010darod\u011bj\u016f. Zaj\u00edmav\u00fdm m\u00edst\u016fm se budu v\u011bnovat v jednotliv\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvc\u00edch.
\n<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

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ETRUSKOV\u00c9 – N\u00c1ROD \u010cAROD\u011aJ\u016e Etruskov\u00e9 jsou n\u00e1rod tajemn\u00fd, z\u00e1hadn\u00fd a neprob\u00e1dan\u00fd. Existovali n\u011bkdy v 8. st. p\u0159. n.l. a to nen\u00ed n\u011bjak\u00fd jist\u00fd fakt, proto\u017ee se to samoz\u0159ejm\u011b nev\u00ed. Pob\u00fdvali zejm\u00e9na na \u00fazem\u00ed dne\u0161n\u00edho Tosk\u00e1nska, tehdej\u0161\u00ed Etrurie. Sv\u00e9ho vrcholu jejich… Weiterlesen →<\/a><\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1271,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2},"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[17,5],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1270","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-toskansko","category-eroticke-ritualy-v-evrope"],"yoast_head":"\nZa tajemn\u00fdmi Etrusky - Veronika Rub\u00ednkov\u00e1<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.prokletamista.cz\/de\/2018\/08\/03\/za-tajemnymi-etrusky\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"de_DE\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Za tajemn\u00fdmi Etrusky - Veronika Rub\u00ednkov\u00e1\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"ETRUSKOV\u00c9 – N\u00c1ROD \u010cAROD\u011aJ\u016e Etruskov\u00e9 jsou n\u00e1rod tajemn\u00fd, z\u00e1hadn\u00fd a neprob\u00e1dan\u00fd. Existovali n\u011bkdy v 8. st. p\u0159. n.l. a to nen\u00ed n\u011bjak\u00fd jist\u00fd fakt, proto\u017ee se to samoz\u0159ejm\u011b nev\u00ed. Pob\u00fdvali zejm\u00e9na na \u00fazem\u00ed dne\u0161n\u00edho Tosk\u00e1nska, tehdej\u0161\u00ed Etrurie. Sv\u00e9ho vrcholu jejich... 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